مجله آموزش عالی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 52، زمستان 1400)

Attention to the university's interaction with society, along with the two main functions of the higher education system, namely; Education and research implies the social role of universities in responding to the needs and expectations of society at different levels. Based on this, the current research aims to identify and categorize the attitude of university experts regarding the upcoming challenges of the university's interaction with society; using a mixed approach and Q method. The statistical population of the research consists of 18 experts and professors from different universities and higher education centers in the country, who were selected as sample members using the purposeful sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. The main reason for this choice is expertise, academic experience, and the writings of experts in the field of higher education. In the qualitative part of the research, by using 18 interviews, the space of discourse was obtained, and by using their opinions and views, Q options were obtained, and in continuation, the Q group was obtained. Also, in the quantitative section, the data obtained in the qualitative section were analyzed using SPSS software, and finally, seven main attitudes were identified in this field.

One of the important topics in the educational system that has been considered by researchers is thinking skills. Thinking skills are important interdisciplinary topics that can be used in various fields of humanities and social sciences. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to study scientific thinking and reflective thinking and their relationship with research self-efficacy of graduate students. The research method was survey.

The sample size was 347 postgraduate students at Razi Universities, Medical Sciences University and Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah. Data were collected using a questionnaire.

Findings showed that all subscales of scientific thinking questionnaire including observation, inference, scientific practice, use of scientific theories and rules, social and cultural context, creativity and visualization, and use of scientific methods had a positive and significant relationship with research self-efficacy. There was no significant difference between gender and scientific thinking and research self-efficacy and between educational level and research self-efficacy. But there was a significant difference between educational level and scientific thinking. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between the type of university and scientific thinking. But, there was no significant difference between the type of university and research self-efficacy.

Generally, research self-efficacy is influenced by scientific thinking and reflective thinking. Proper teaching of scientific and thought-based thinking will increase students' research self-efficacy and affect their research performance.

Higher education system is considered to be one of the most important factors in development and progress of a society. The present research aims to conduct a pathological study of staffing system in higher education and, thereby, proceed to codify and validate a model for it. The methodology was practical and developmental. A combined sequential exploratory (heuristic) method of the modelling type was utilized for data collection. Drawing from multiple data synchronization in three stages, a primary theoretical framework was codified and, accordingly, it was validated in the form of a model. For the pathology of the staffing system, the first stage used a Scoping review and 15 studies conducted in this area in authentic databases were analyzed and investigated based on a purposeful approach according to Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage framework. At the second stage, qualitative case study was used according to which the perspectives and experiences of 12 experts, managers and specialists were taken into account with a purposeful approach through theoretical saturation criterion. It should be noted that semi-structured interview was utilized at this stage and the gathered data were analyzed by drawing from Thematic Content Analysis technique. The third stage applied a survey method and the components extracted from an ascertained questionnaire given to 98 staffing managers and experts in public universities under supervision of Tehran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology were analyzed based on a relative class sampling method. In order to analyze the gathered data and validate the codified framework, partial least squares analysis was utilized by drawing from Smart PLS software. After coding the data derived from analysis of documents and interviews, 213 codes were defined and categorized as 33 components and 14 perspectives as follows: job design and analysis, human resource planning, employment, selection, appointment, orientation and awareness, technology, systematic, structure and resources, Rules and Regulations, university autonomy, cultural, political and economic. According to identified defects, the pathological model for staffing system in universities was codified and validated. Human resource planning, human resource selection and job design and analysis as variables played the highest role (coefficient of determination calculated to be 0.83, 0.79 and 0.79 respectively) while economic, political and cultural factors (coefficient of determination calculated to be 0.41, 0.49 and0.51 respectively) had the lowest role in determining the pathological model of the staffing system. Therefore, the codified model in the present research can be considered as an appropriate framework to investigate, conduct pathological study and improve the staffing system of universities by higher education policy-maker institutions.

The current research has been carried out with the general aim of investigating the role of the physical elements of the study hall on the quality of users' study and the design of dormitory reading rooms based on the behavioral patterns of users (students). This research is of applied type and was done in a descriptive-analytical way. The research method is based on documentary, library and field study. The data of the research was collected through a questionnaire and from students living in the dormitory of Tehran University as a statistical population. The total number of statistical population was estimated to be 3547 people who used this library during one month. From the statistical population, 352 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula and by simple random method. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. The results of the Pearson correlation test and the multivariate regression test showed that among the 11 variables examined, except for the variables of the function of the columns, the functional order of the units and components of the reading room, and the variety of internal and external forms, other variables include traffic, sound, desk system and Seats, openings, light, private and semi-private spaces, and visibility were the variables that contributed the most to the amount of changes in the dependent variable (study quality). Finally, based on the standardized beta, seven variables are able to explain 82% of the variance changes related to the decline in study quality caused by the inappropriate design of library components. Finally, according to the analysis of the results, practical suggestions were also presented.

The purpose of higher education is viewed as a factor in the implementation of economic, social and cultural development programs. The changes, complexities and dynamics that have occurred in the economic, political and social systems in the current era have caused organizations to turn to new methods and solutions for their administration. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the opinions of experts about the effective dimensions of distance education institutions as teaching organizations.

Qualitative method of grounded theory strategy was used. The participants in this research were 15 distance education experts who were selected based on purposeful sampling based on selection criteria. Then, they were interviewed and the resulting data were analyzed using three-stage open, central and selective coding method. In order to ensure validity and reliability principles, two methods of reviewing participants and reviewing non-participating experts were used in the research.

The findings indicate the main effective dimensions and components in the functions of distance education institutions as teaching organizations can be categorized in five core categories and 20 subcategories and 54 formulation components based on which the final conceptual model was presented.

The results show that the lack of policy, the lack of appropriate organizational structure and the existence of educational challenges, along with technical, human, cultural-value, economic and administrative factors as well as the individual characteristics of the manager, support and evaluation system, affect the central phenomenon as a learning organization. The results show that the lack of policy, the lack of appropriate organizational structure and the existence of educational challenges, along with technical, human, cultural-value, economic and administrative factors as well as the individual characteristics of the manager, support and evaluation system, have affected the central phenomenon as a learning organization.

The aim of this study was to identify knowledge production of leadership and educational management of the faculty members of the educational management departments of Iranian public universities in international specialized journals and Web of science and Scopus databases.

A comprehensive search without time limit was conducted in 8 international specialized journals of educational leadership and management in Web of Science and Scopus databases. 150 articles were extracted and all of them were analyzed. Required information including titles of articles and journals, year of publication, author(s), gender, organizational affiliation, keywords, number of citations and abstracts were extracted using a checklist.

The results showed that in recent years the number of articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science has increased. The role of women in publishing articles was so prominent that 122 women were involved in writing 56/67% of articles. The field of "higher education" had a wide range of articles (47/33%). Examining the titles of the journals, it was found that the variety of journals was very high and only 8 articles (5/33%) were published in international specialized journals on educational leadership and management. 18 articles (10/6%) had authors (authors) whose organizational affiliation was outside of Iran. The average citation rate of articles indexed in Scopus was 3.01 and that of Web of science was 1.78. This literature focused on themes and issues of leadership and organizational behavior. This study identified 8 main areas (leadership and management, evaluation, knowledge management, organizational culture, educational economics, teaching-learning, organizational behavior and organizational performance). The findings also showed the paradigm shift from "management" to "leadership".

Research findings can provide a deeper insight and understanding of the quantity and quality of educational leadership and management products to be used in future decision making for educational management departments and leads faculty members to focus their efforts on the areas that most promise to strengthen the educational leadership and management knowledge in Iran.

In 1952, the UNESCO International Organization published a series on explaining and clarifying the role of culture in society and suggested the writing of a book on the issue of race throughout history to Claude Lévi-Strauss, a prominent French anthropologist. The result of his efforts is the publication of a book called "Race and History". Race and History is one of the books that was translated in 1980 by the efforts of Abolhasan Najafi, a prominent Iranian translator and linguist, and published by the Research Institute of Communication Sciences and Development of Iran. The book Race and History is the first book that was translated into Farsi which is divided into ten different chapters by its author Levi Strauss with these titles: race and culture, diversity of cultures, racial pride, ancient cultures and primary cultures, concept of progress, history standing and accumulated history, status of western civilization, accident and civilization, cooperation of cultures and dual direction of progress. Considering the increasing acceptance of the scientific and academic community to study and research in the field of the phenomenon of culture and its role in society, this short article is an attempt to introduce and review the book "Race and History".